(Internal) Chinese Martial Arts Manuals

The Proliferation of Chinese Martial Arts Manuals in the Early 20th Century

The early 20th century witnessed a surge in the publication of Chinese martial arts manuals, which played a pivotal role in preserving and disseminating these ancient fighting systems. This period marked a significant transition for the martial arts, as they evolved from closely guarded family traditions to more widely accessible practices.

Xingyi Quan Manuals

One of the most influential manuals of this era was the “Xingyi Quan Xin Fa” (New Methods of Xingyi Quan) by Dai Xin, published in 1915. This manual systematically documented the principles and techniques of the Xingyi Quan style, which had previously been passed down orally within closed-door lineages.

Taijiquan Manuals

The “Taijiquan Tu Shuo” (Illustrated Manual of Taijiquan) by Chen Xin, published in 1928, provided detailed illustrations and explanations of the postures and movements of the Chen-style Taijiquan, one of the oldest and most revered Taiji styles. Another influential work was the “Taijiquan Lun” (Treatise on Taijiquan) by Wu Yuxiang, published in 1935. This manual delved into the philosophical and theoretical aspects of Taijiquan, offering insights into the art’s principles and applications.

Baguazhang Manuals

In the realm of Baguazhang, the “Baguazhang Xin Fa” (New Methods of Baguazhang) by Ren Xiao, published in 1925, played a crucial role in documenting this circular walking martial art. Ren Xiao’s manual provided detailed descriptions and illustrations of the various palm changes, footwork patterns, and training methods of Baguazhang.

Yiquan Manuals

The “Yiquan Xinshu” (New Treatise on Yiquan) by Wang Xiangzhai, published in 1927, introduced a systematic approach to internal martial arts training, emphasizing the development of internal energy (qi) and mind-body coordination.

These manuals, along with others published during this period, had a profound impact on the preservation and evolution of Chinese internal martial arts. They allowed these once closely guarded traditions to be disseminated more widely, attracting new practitioners and ensuring their survival in the face of modernization and urbanization.

Moreover, the manuals provided a standardized framework for teaching and learning these arts, facilitating their transmission across generations and regions. They also served as a catalyst for further research, discussion, and innovation within the martial arts community, leading to the development of new styles and interpretations.

The impact of these early 20th century manuals can still be felt in modern Chinese internal martial arts. Many contemporary practitioners and schools trace their lineages and techniques back to the teachings documented in these seminal works, which have become foundational texts in the study and practice of these ancient fighting systems.

From the early 20th century, several influential Taiji manuals emerged, contributing significantly to the dissemination and understanding of Taijiquan (Tai Chi) practices. These manuals not only documented the physical aspects of Taijiquan but also delved into its philosophical underpinnings, making them invaluable resources for practitioners. Here are some notable examples:

1. “Taijiquan Tu Shuo” (Illustrated Manual of Taijiquan) by Chen Xin, published in 1919. This work is an important document for the Chen style of Taijiquan, providing detailed illustrations and explanations of the postures and movements.
2. “The Study of Tai Chi” (太極拳學; Taijiquan Xue) first published in 1921 by Sun Lutang. Sun Lutang was the founder of Sun-style Taijiquan, and his manual is significant for its integration of martial arts with Daoist philosophy and for introducing the concept of internal energy in Taijiquan practice.
3. “Complete Principles and Applications of Tai Chi” by Yang Chengfu, published in 1934. This manual is considered authoritative in schools influenced by Yang Chengfu’s teachings. It includes the well-known “Ten Essential Points of Tai Chi Theory” and has been a foundational text for Yang-style Taijiquan.
4. “Wu Style Taijiquan” by Hao Shaoru, with introductions by Gu Liuxin in 1963 and Hao Yinru in 1991. This manual documents the Wu (Hao)-style Taijiquan, emphasizing the martial applications of the form and providing insights into the style’s unique characteristics.
5. “Wu Style Taijiquan New Frame” (武式太极拳新架) by Chen Gu’an, published in 1988. This work focuses on the Wu-style Taijiquan, detailing the “New Frame” that was developed within this lineage. It serves as a comprehensive guide for practitioners of the Wu style.

These manuals from the early 20th century played a crucial role in the preservation and propagation of Taijiquan. By documenting the techniques, principles, and philosophies of different Taijiquan styles, they have ensured that this ancient martial art continues to be practiced and evolved in the modern era.

Key Baguazhang Manuals

1. “Baguazhang Lianxifa” by Jiang Rongqiao:
   • This manual, written by Jiang Rongqiao, is one of the most influential texts on Baguazhang. Jiang Rongqiao was a prominent martial artist who developed his own style of Baguazhang, which is widely practiced today. His manual provides detailed instructions on the forms and techniques of Baguazhang, emphasizing efficiency of movement and ambidextrousness.
2. “Dragon Bagua Zhang” by Fu Zhen Song:
   • Fu Zhen Song’s manual is a continuation of the rich tradition of Baguazhang. It includes comprehensive instructions on the Dragon form of Baguazhang, which is known for its fluid and dynamic movements. This manual is still highly regarded and used by practitioners to understand the intricacies of the style.
3. “Xiantian Bagua Zhang: Gao Style Bagua Zhang Circle Form” by C.S. Tang:
   • This extensive manual covers the Gao style of Baguazhang, which is known for its structured and modular approach to training. The book includes detailed photographs and instructions, making it a valuable resource for both beginners and advanced practitioners.
4. “Bagua Zhang Eight Palms” translated by Andrea Falk:
   • This manual, originally written by Jiang Rongqiao and translated by Andrea Falk, provides a clear and literate translation of the Eight Palms form. It includes photographic breakdowns of the techniques, making it accessible to a wider audience. The manual also includes notes on principles and concepts, enhancing the reader’s understanding of Baguazhang.
5. “Round Body Bagua Zhang” by Gao MingXing:
   • This manual, accompanied by a VCD, offers a comprehensive look at a mixed set of Baguazhang forms. It includes various aspects of Baguazhang, such as the Palm Changes and Bagua Animals, along with kicking methods. The clear photographs and minimal narration make it a useful guide for intermediate-level practitioners.

Here are some key Xingyi Quan (Hsing-I Chuan) manuals that are highly regarded and still in use today:

1. “The Mysterious Power of Xingyi Quan: A Complete Guide to History, Weapons and Fighting Skills” by C.S. Tang:
   • This comprehensive guide covers the history, principles, and training of Xingyi Quan, including detailed explanations of basic training and core principles. It is considered one of the most detailed and extensive books available in English on the martial and medical aspects of Xingyi Quan.
2. “Xing Yi Quan: Tu Na Si Ba” by Song Zhi Yong with Tom Bisio:
   • This manual focuses on Tu Na respiration with body alignments, coordinating movement and breath. It includes detailed corrections on stillness exercises and the core standing exercise of the Xing Yi system, San Ti Shi. The book also provides free video references for key nei gong sequences.
3. “Shang Yun-Xiang Xing Yi Quan” by Li Wen-Bin with Zhi-Rong and Shang Li Hong:
   • This English edition of a major Chinese text on Xing Yi Boxing includes biographical notes and detailed explanations of the principles and techniques of the Shang Yun-Xiang lineage. It is a valuable resource for practitioners looking to deepen their understanding of Xingyi Quan.
4. “Xing Yi Five Elements and Twelve Animals” edited by SuLing:
   • This manual covers the basic Five Elements along with explanations and variations on methods of practice. It also includes a thorough explanation of the Animal Shapes, providing a comprehensive learning schedule for practitioners.
5. “The Study of Xingyi Boxing” by Sun Lutang:
   • Sun Lutang’s manual explores the basics of Xingyi Quan and its relationship to traditional Chinese medicine. It is known for its clear explanations of the concepts and images behind the five elements of Xingyi, making it an essential text for practitioners.

Just like the manuals listed above, these manuals have played a significant role in preserving and disseminating the knowledge of Xingyi Quan, ensuring that the art continues to be practiced and evolved in the modern era. They provide detailed instructions, historical context, and philosophical insights, making them invaluable resources for both new and experienced practitioners.